This paper critically examines the evolution, constitutional framework, and practical functioning of India's anti-defection law under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution. It traces the historical circumstances leading to the enactment of the Constitution (Fifty-Second Amendment) Act, 1985, highlighting the political instability and rampant defections that undermined parliamentary democracy. The study analyzes the legal provisions governing disqualification, the role of the Speaker as the adjudicating authority, and the impact of the Ninety-First Amendment in strengthening the law. It further evaluates leading judicial decisions, including Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu, Ravi S. Naik v. Union of India, Rajendra Singh Rana v. Swami Prasad Maurya, and Subhash Desai v. Principal Secretary, Governor of Maharashtra, to assess judicial interpretation of the anti-defection regime. The paper argues that while the legislation has succeeded in reducing opportunistic individual defections and promoting governmental stability, it has simultaneously curtailed legislative independence, strengthened party leadership at the expense of deliberative democracy, and enabled procedural manipulation through delays in disqualification proceedings. By examining recent political controversies and comparative constitutional perspectives, the study identifies structural weaknesses in the existing framework and proposes reforms, including independent adjudication of disqualification petitions, statutory timelines for decision-making, and limiting the operation of the party whip to confidence motions and other matters affecting government stability. The paper concludes that meaningful reform is essential to reconcile political stability with democratic accountability and the constitutional values of representative government.
This article examines the constitutional relationship between delimitation and the Women's Reservation Act, 2023, and their combined impact on democratic representation in India. It explains how delimitation, the process of redrawing electoral constituencies based on population changes, ensures the principle of equal representation, while the Women's Reservation Act seeks to reserve one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies for women. The article highlights that the implementation of women's reservation is contingent upon the completion of the next delimitation exercise, creating legal, political, and administrative challenges. It further discusses concerns regarding delays in implementation, interstate political representation, rotation of reserved constituencies, and the debate between substantive representation and symbolic inclusion. The study concludes that although these reforms have the potential to transform India's democratic framework by promoting inclusiveness and gender equality, their success depends on timely implementation, political consensus, and adherence to constitutional principles.
The migration of corporate fraud into cloud-distributed, encrypted, and machine-generated forms
has outpaced the architecture of Indian evidence law. The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam 2023
(BSA) modernised the formal treatment of electronic records, granting them evidentiary parity and
channelling their admissibility through a structured regime of certification, hash-value disclosure,
and expert authentication. This paper argues that, although the BSA represents a genuine doctrinal
advance over the Indian Evidence Act 1872 and although the Supreme Court has now confirmed
the constitutional validity of its certification framework, the statute remains functionally underequipped for the distinctive evidentiary realities of digital corporate fraud — cloud and enterpriseresource-planning data outside any single custodian, end-to-end encrypted communications, crossborder storage beyond Indian process, and the emergent threat of AI-generated and deepfaked
artefacts. The deficiency is therefore not constitutional but operational and institutional. Adopting
a doctrinal method with a comparative dimension, the paper contends that India requires a targeted
recalibration of Section 63 for distributed-data contexts, a dedicated cloud-forensics certification
regime, and sustained judicial and prosecutorial capacity-building, without which the BSA's
digital-first promise will fail at precisely the high-stakes intersection where reliability matters
most.
This paper examines superheroine narratives through the lens of feminist jurisprudence, arguing that popular comics function as cultural and legal texts reflecting patriarchal structures. Drawing on feminist legal theories by Catharine MacKinnon, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Martha Fineman, and H.L.A. Hart's legal positivism, the study analyzes characters such as Wonder Woman, She-Hulk, Storm, Ms. Marvel, Black Widow, and Harley Quinn to demonstrate how female superheroes embody both empowerment and systemic gender constraints. It explores themes including the "Women in Fridges" trope, hypersexualization, intersectionality, reproductive autonomy, and legal paradoxes affecting women. The paper further connects fictional narratives with real-world legal doctrines and judicial practices, highlighting persistent inequalities in law and society. It concludes by advocating for a feminist reconstruction of jurisprudence that recognizes popular culture as a valuable site for legal critique and transformative justice
#Feminist Jurisprudence#Superheroines#Patriarchy
0 citations12 downloads14 min readPDF Available (9 pages)
We live in a country where globalisation is at its peak, and the concept of cultural rights has become a
challenge and an opportunity. Globalisation has led to the influence of global culture, Western culture,
and, at times, local traditions, languages, and identities. At present, we face a significant challenge in
preserving our cultural diversity and safeguarding the rights of minority groups.
As we know, in the era of globalisation, the whole world has become one family. In this era, we are
sharing every social, economic, political, and technological aspect, and the media is doing this
continuously. The media has a very powerful role in this because it is one of the means of propagation
and dissemination of this news.
In our Indian Constitution, Fundamental Rights have been taken from the USA. Part III, from Articles
12 to 35, defines Fundamental Rights 1
.
The scale of this challenge is considerable and empirically documented. According to the People's
Linguistic Survey of India, the country has lost around two hundred and twenty languages within the
last fifty years, and close to two hundred more are currently classified as endangered, a rate of loss that
illustrates how quickly cultural pluralism can erode when it is not actively protected by deliberate
policy and legal safeguard.2
Our Constitution also functions on the principle of Cultural pluralism, recognising that culture
comprises the distinct languages, scripts, arts and traditions of its diverse population
The framework guarantees citizens the right to maintain and conserve their unique cultural heritage.
The fundamental provisions for recognising and protecting culture in the Indian Constitution exist in
Part III under Articles 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, . Article 51A(f), by contrast, is not part of Part III but forms part of the Fundamental Duties under Part IVA of the Constitution, which casts a duty (not a
right) on every citizen to value and preserve the rich heritage of the composite culture.
The Year 1982 Mexico declaration on cultural policy by UNESCO 3
defines culture as the distinct
spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features characterising a society. But in the era of
globalisation, balancing cultural identity and global integration is a challenging task.
The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, adopted by the General Conference of
UNESCO on 2 November 2001, is one of the international instruments that supports cultural diversity
in the context of globalisation.
Globalisation gives chances to connect with other people and learn about their own culture, but at the
same time, sometimes it creates problems as people forget their own traditions or maybe just disappear.
For example –
1. In earlier times, writing was a good source of communication among people but now it is seen
that smartphones have replaced that culture, the tradition is almost gone
2. Joint Family System – In earlier times, we have noticed that people used to live together but in
today’s world we can see that people are focusing on the nuclear family, which is connected to
modernisation and modernisation leads to globalisation.
The research paper talks about both the good and bad effect of globalization on cultural rights, it
explains how globalization can harm local cultures but at the same time it gives opportunities to rebuild yourself.
This research paper is an idea about both the good and bad effects of globalization on cultural rights.
it explains how globalization can harm local cultures but at the same time it also gives an opportunity
to be seen and appreciated around the world.
The research paper suggests that we need to find a way to balance the influence of global culture with
the need to protect and celebrate different culture.
This research talks about both the negative and positive aspect of globalisation. the main aim is to
bring all the countries together, respect them and follow the traditions and cultures peacefully.
#Cultural Rights#Globalisation#Cultural Identity
0 citations6 downloads16 min readPDF Available (16 pages)
This article critically examines custodial torture in India and the continuing absence of a comprehensive anti-torture law despite India's obligations under the United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT). It argues that although India has signed UNCAT, its failure to ratify the Convention and enact dedicated anti-torture legislation has created a significant gap between constitutional guarantees and effective legal protection. The study analyses the international legal framework governing the prohibition of torture, emphasizing its status as a jus cogens norm and the implications of customary international law for India. It further evaluates India's constitutional safeguards under Articles 20, 21, and 22, landmark judicial decisions such as D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal and Nilabati Behera v. State of Orissa, and the limitations of relying solely on judicial guidelines in the absence of statutory criminalization. The article also reviews the failure of legislative initiatives, including the Prevention of Torture Bill, 2010 and the Law Commission's 273rd Report (2017), highlighting persistent institutional barriers such as prosecution sanctions, inadequate investigations, and weak accountability mechanisms. It concludes that constitutional jurisprudence, while progressive, cannot substitute for a robust statutory framework. The article recommends the enactment of a comprehensive anti-torture law aligned with UNCAT standards, independent investigative mechanisms, removal of procedural barriers to prosecution, and stronger institutional oversight to ensure accountability, protect human dignity, and strengthen India's compliance with international human rights obligations.
#Custodial Torture#United Nations Convention Against Torture (uncat)#Article 21 Of The Constitution Of India
0 citations3 downloads14 min readPDF Available (33 pages)
The enactment of the four Labour Codes between 2019 and 2020 represents one of the most significant reforms of India's labour law framework since independence. By consolidating twenty-nine Central labour legislations into the Code on Wages, 2019, the Industrial Relations Code, 2020, the Code on Social Security, 2020, and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020, the Government sought to simplify regulatory compliance, enhance ease of doing business, expand social security coverage, and modernise labour governance. This paper critically examines the legislative objectives, constitutional validity, and practical implications of these reforms. It evaluates the impact of the Labour Codes on employers, employees, and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), with particular emphasis on labour welfare, industrial relations, collective bargaining, workplace safety, and social security. The study further analyses the compatibility of the Codes with the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy under the Constitution of India and assesses whether the reforms appropriately balance economic efficiency with social justice. A comparative analysis with the labour law frameworks of the United Kingdom, the United States, and International Labour Organization (ILO) standards provides an international perspective on India's labour reforms. The paper concludes that while the Labour Codes have the potential to improve regulatory efficiency, digital governance, and investment attractiveness, concerns remain regarding implementation, restrictions on trade union rights, dilution of employment protections, delegated legislative powers, and the effectiveness of enforcement mechanisms. The success of the reforms will ultimately depend on balanced implementation, institutional capacity, and continued engagement among the Government, employers, and workers to achieve sustainable industrial growth alongside constitutional commitments to labour welfare.
Gender-based occupational segregation remains one of the most persistent barriers to
inclusive economic development in developing countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Although women's participation in education and the labour force has increased over recent
decades, they continue to be disproportionately concentrated in low-income, informal, and
less productive occupations. This study examines the relationship between occupational
gender segregation and economic development in Liberia while drawing comparative
insights from the broader Sub-Saharan African region. Using secondary data obtained from
the World Bank, International Labour Organization (ILO), Liberia Institute of Statistics and
Geo-Information Services (LISGIS), and other international databases covering the period
2000–2024, the study employs descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple
regression techniques to evaluate the determinants and economic consequences of
occupational segregation. Guided by Human Capital Theory, Gender Segregation Theory,
Structural Transformation Theory, and the Gender and Development (GAD) framework, the
analysis investigates the effects of occupational segregation on economic growth, labour
productivity, and wages. The findings indicate that occupational segregation remains deeply
embedded in Liberia's labour market and is associated with lower productivity and
constrained economic performance. Although several estimated relationships are statistically
weak, the direction of the coefficients supports existing theoretical and empirical evidence.
The study concludes that reducing occupational segregation requires integrated policies that
combine educational investment with labour market reforms, institutional strengthening,
gender-responsive employment policies, and improved access to productive resources. Such
reforms are essential for promoting inclusive economic growth and achieving the Sustainable
Development Goals.
#Gender Inequality#Occupational Segregation#Economic Development
0 citations28 downloads14 min readPDF Available (17 pages)
This paper critically examines the admissibility of Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature (BEOS) evidence under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA), against the backdrop of evolving forensic science and constitutional criminal procedure. It argues that while the BSA replaces the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, it substantially retains the colonial framework governing expert evidence, offering limited guidance on the admissibility of emerging neuroscientific techniques. Through an analysis of Section 39 of the BSA, judicial decisions on expert evidence, DNA profiling, electronic evidence, and the Supreme Court's ruling in Selvi v. State of Karnataka, the paper demonstrates that Indian courts have historically focused on expert qualifications, procedural authenticity, and constitutional safeguards rather than developing a structured reliability standard for novel scientific evidence. Using BEOS as a paradigm case, the study highlights concerns relating to scientific validity, reproducibility, peer review, known error rates, and constitutional fairness. It contends that courts should not admit BEOS evidence merely because it is presented through expert testimony or falls within the broad language of expert opinion provisions. Instead, the paper advocates a principled judicial gatekeeping framework based on scientific reliability and constitutional due process, drawing comparative insights from the Daubert and Frye standards. It concludes that a reliability-based approach is essential to ensure that only scientifically validated evidence influences criminal adjudication under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.
Current developments in generative artificial intelligence and voice cloning pose a risk to the
livelihood of vocal artists and leave huge gaps in current IP law. This paper explores the interim
order of Arijit Singh v Codible Ventures LLP (2024) and the lack of adequate structures in
India's copyright regime. The Bombay High Court limited the unauthorised algorithmic copies
but faced difficulty in not referring to the copyright text but rather common-law personality
rights and the right to privacy under Article 21. This detour shows that there is a very important
“double lacuna”. The first is that moral rights, as defined by the Copyright Act 1957, are
apparently linked to "works that exist prior to the creation of the copyrighted work. The result
is a large divide in the realm of synthetic copyright. The second is that Sections 38A and 38B
will have the effect of limiting the rights of performers to fixed or live performances. That
means that non-celebrity performers are not protected. This paper will also analyse a number
of global legal systems, including the UK, the EU and the USA, to see how potential solutions
can be identified, and the author's suggestion of a universal non-waivable right of publicity that
would ensure a high standard of ‘fair dealing’, in order to safeguard the dignity of artists and
consumers
### Abstract
The doctrine of constitutional morality has emerged as one of the most influential yet contested principles in contemporary Indian constitutional jurisprudence. Although introduced by George Grote as a concept emphasizing respect for constitutional institutions and later adapted by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar during the framing of the Indian Constitution, it remained largely absent from judicial discourse for several decades. Its revival in landmark Supreme Court decisions such as *Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India* and *Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala (Sabarimala)* transformed constitutional morality from a procedural constitutional ethic into a substantive judicial doctrine grounded in liberty, equality, dignity, and fraternity.
This paper examines the historical evolution, doctrinal development, and contemporary application of constitutional morality in Indian constitutional law. It traces the concept from Grote's procedural understanding to Ambedkar's vision of democratic constitutional culture and critically evaluates its reinterpretation by the Supreme Court. Through a detailed analysis of the *Navtej Johar* and *Sabarimala* judgments, the paper highlights the doctrine's strengths in protecting fundamental rights and minority interests while identifying significant concerns relating to judicial subjectivity, doctrinal indeterminacy, institutional competence, and democratic legitimacy.
The study further adopts a comparative constitutional approach by examining jurisprudence from South Africa, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States to identify mechanisms that balance constitutional values with judicial restraint. It argues that constitutional morality should function as a structured interpretative principle rather than an unrestricted source of judicial discretion. Accordingly, the paper proposes a disciplined framework incorporating proportionality analysis, stronger textual anchoring, and institutional safeguards to enhance the doctrine's legitimacy and consistency. It concludes that constitutional morality remains an indispensable constitutional ideal for advancing transformative constitutionalism, but its continued legitimacy depends upon principled application, doctrinal clarity, and appropriate judicial restraint.
The Supreme Court of India’s landmark judgment in Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India
(2018) has decriminalised consensual homosexual sex under Section 377 of the Indian Penal
Code, 1860 and, in the process, defined one of the most important doctrinal divisions in Indian
constitutional law jurisprudence – namely, the tension between constitutional morality and
social morality. In this essay, an analysis is undertaken of the two competing normative theories
chronologically and critically. First, the historical background which includes the colonial and
post-colonial era which has led to the establishment of the legally conservative framework is
explored, followed by an analysis of how social morality developed as a judicially
acknowledged standard and its flaws as an oppressive mechanism for the majoritarian majority.
Finally, an analysis of constitutional morality is undertaken through the judgment delivered in
Navtej Singh Johar along with other precedent decisions and the Court’s reasoning.
Subsequently, the argument seeks to highlight the need for legal change by analyzing how
practices accepted in Indian society in the past have to give way to changing notions of dignity,
equality, and individual liberty. Finally, the paper points out some problems that might be
created by legalisation and provides a synthesis of the entire discussion. The paper is based on
Indian Constitution and other sources of law and jurisprudence.
#Constitutional Morality#Social Morality#Navtej Singh Johar V. Union Of India
0 citations12 downloads14 min readPDF Available (15 pages)
Recently, however, the question of fake news has acquired relevance and recognition as one of
the most important problems facing democratic societies around the world. From an Indian
perspective, the problem has been accentuated by the use of technological advancements in
communication. As a result of changes in the way that information is produced, distributed,
and consumed, there has been a drastic change in the nature of discourses.
As a result of the advent of social media and artificial intelligence, the creation of fake
information as well as credible information has become increasingly possible. In this sense,
there has been the question of the viability of democracy as a system. The reason for this is that
not only have fake news had a bearing on the perspectives held by individuals, but have also
influenced how they think and vote. Furthermore, it has also affected how they interact with
each other in the varied country of India.
Under these circumstances, the current paper will try to analyze the effect of disinformation on
the democratic system in India from the viewpoint of law and constitution. The way the impact
of disinformation influences the formation of people’s views, elections, and social integration
process has been analyzed in the paper. Moreover, factors causing people to be prone to
disinformation have been analyzed psychologically in the paper. Finally, the tendency towards
growing popularity of the use of artificial intelligence technology for disinformation creation
by the author of the paper will be considered in the paper.
#Fake News#Democracy#Artificial Intelligence (ai)
0 citations3 downloads14 min readPDF Available (14 pages)
This paper provides a concise overview of the legal framework governing in the area of
poverty margin in India, exploring the evolution, key principles, challenges, and recent
developments in this dynamic view of society. The paper deals with the socio economic to
the forefront, highlighting the need of robust protection mechanisms and policies. And also
offers a comparative analysis on the rights and duties of the government needed to take
measures in certain circumstances. In India, the legal framework for economic optimization
and scope of economic leverage has evolved through statutory provisions, judicial decisions,
and policies considerations. This research investigates with the effectiveness over the policies
decision in the sustainable developments and social inferiors with the studies regarding the
local policies and gap and loops existing in the legal framework. It also examines the impact
of policy initiatives and guidelines issued by the government on the examination over the
rational of poverty optimization in society. This paper analysis the systematic barrier in the
policies and provide the valid complementation over the comprehensive strategies and
addressing the root causes of vulnerability. This paper addresses the issues which is
multifaceted approach that focuses on early childhood education, economic empowerment,
access to healthcare, and social safety nets. The vulnerable communities often face a complex
web of challenges, including inter-generational poverty, health disparities, and the
intersection of identities that exacerbate social exclusion in the present society. The research
concludes with an analysis of recent legislative developments and emerging trends and social
adaption and sustainable development in India. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity of
flexibility, rapid changes in the legal perspective in the policy decision-making in the
abolition of poverty margin in the society and to create a more equitable society where all
individuals have the opportunity to thrive to achieve the modern status. In summary, this research provides a valuable resource for researchers, legal practitioners, and policymakers
seeking to understand the nature of the policies and the alternative plans over the scopes in
the economic development and policies in the foetus of poverty.
#Rational Of Poverty#Vulnerable Communities#Inter-generational
0 citations6 downloads15 min readPDF Available (19 pages)
Children are a gift of God and their innocence is unmatched with respect to adults. With the
increasing cases of child labour, it reveals such a deteriorating condition of this world. This
research paper hunts through how the child labour drastically effects the juveniles and what
measures have to be taken to curtail them. Children engaged in a hazardous labour will be
more inclined to criminal activities. Addressing child labour is, therefore, a preventive measure
against juvenile deliquency. In this research we focus more on the cases of mistreatment done
to the juveniles by police officials and the need to implement corrective actions by the
government in this matter. Analysing the global and regional statistics of child labour among
the juveniles to get a clear picture of this issue on an international scale. Examining the socioeconomic factors like lack of education, poverty, other criminal factors that would have a
negative influence on the child. Accentuating the specific risks associated with children
indulged in such a perilous occupation. Based on various constitutional provisions, statutes,
international laws, Juvenile justice laws, we will be able to examine how effectively these laws
can be implemented by the government to put end to this problem permanently. A case study is
done to analyse child labour among the juveniles and how it effects those juveniles mentally
and physically. This paper concludes with the measures that has to be taken to completely
eradicate child labour among the juveniles and also the rehabilitation and reformation of them
through counselling, treatment, community service etc.
#Child Labour#Juvenile Justice#Mistreatment
0 citations13 downloads14 min readPDF Available (13 pages)
A Complex knot of lawlessness and fear, including violent crimes, cybercrime, terrorism, and
financial fraud has increased the importance of forensic science within the criminal justice system.
In this context, the paper investigates the impact forensic technologies are having in the
contemporary era of criminal investigations which include the use of DNA profiling, digital
forensics, toxicology, ballistics, and fingerprinting. It documents the development of forensic
science in India, evaluates important legislative documents, and examines the landmark changes
made by BNSS (Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita) and BSA (Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam) in
2023.
In India, the forensic ecosystem is still evolving, facing challenges like insufficient infrastructure,
a lack of qualified personnel, and large backlogs of cases. The research brings forward the global
best practices from the USA, UK, Germany, and Japan, points out the use of platforms like
machine learning, standardized practices, and emergence in the centralized national database.
At last, the paper suggests actionable steps to improve India's forensic framework with an
emphasis on creating educational and ethical privacy-centric boundaries regarding genetic
information, quality control, and instruction. Improvements in forensic capabilities not only aid in
the prompt and precise delivery of justice, but also in rejuvenating and solidifying the public's
reliability in the legal system
Environmental degradation has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges facing contemporary
societies. In India, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and developmental activities have intensified
environmental concerns such as pollution, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and climate-related risks.
These challenges often disproportionately affect vulnerable communities, raising concerns of
environmental justice. To address complex environmental disputes effectively, Parliament enacted
the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010, establishing the National Green Tribunal (NGT) as a
specialized adjudicatory body. The Tribunal was designed to provide expeditious environmental
justice by combining judicial expertise with scientific and technical knowledge. Since its
establishment, the NGT has played a significant role in developing environmental jurisprudence
through the application of principles such as sustainable development, the precautionary principle,
and the polluter pays principle. This article examines the role of the NGT in advancing environmental
justice in India, evaluates its achievements and limitations, and assesses its effectiveness as a
specialized environmental adjudicatory institution.
#National Green Tribunal (ngt)#Environmental Justice#Environmental Governance
0 citations9 downloads14 min readPDF Available (7 pages)
This paper examines whether Article 21 of the Indian Constitution provides sufficient protection against the emerging challenges posed by neurotechnology and the collection of neural data. Advances in brain-computer interfaces, EEG devices, and consumer neurotechnology have enabled the extraction, storage, and commercialization of information derived directly from brain activity, raising unprecedented concerns regarding privacy, autonomy, and mental integrity. While the Supreme Court's decisions in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India and Selvi v. State of Karnataka have expanded constitutional protections for privacy, bodily integrity, and protection against self-incrimination, these doctrines were developed before the widespread adoption of neurotechnology and do not specifically address neural data governance. The paper argues that the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, fails to recognize neural data as a distinct category of sensitive information, creating a significant regulatory gap. By analyzing international developments, including Chile's constitutional recognition of neurorights and emerging protections in North America and Europe, the paper highlights the growing global consensus on safeguarding mental privacy and cognitive liberty. It concludes that although Article 21 provides an important constitutional foundation, effective protection of the human mind requires dedicated neurorights legislation that specifically regulates the collection, use, retention, and transfer of neural data in India.
#Neurorights#Article 21#Neural Data Privacy
0 citations78 downloads14 min readPDF Available (9 pages)
Labourers are rightfully considered to be the backbone of the economy of a country. Their skills, experience, knowledge, etc is what gives a cumulative upper hand to a country that plays a vital role in the overall development of a country. Labour rights are hard earned rights that
0 citations9 downloads13 min readPDF Available (11 pages)
Today’s human rights violations are the causes of tomorrow’s conflicts, as rightly said by Mary Robinson. International humanitarian laws are praised more than ever and violated as much as ever. Ethnic cleansing and genocides, a systematic approach to remove religious groups are no doubt, the most common and severe of the crimes against human beings under the International Humanitarian Law and its failure to safeguard the victims is dreadful which in turn has led to this increased number of genocides we are encountering even in the modern era. The beginning of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict dates back to the 19th and early 20th century when Zionism was established as a political ideology and continues to have its existence to this very day. This