The Role of Forensic Science in Criminal Investigation in India

Abstract

A Complex knot of lawlessness and fear, including violent crimes, cybercrime, terrorism, and financial fraud has increased the importance of forensic science within the criminal justice system. In this context, the paper investigates the impact forensic technologies are having in the contemporary era of criminal investigations which include the use of DNA profiling, digital forensics, toxicology, ballistics, and fingerprinting. It documents the development of forensic science in India, evaluates important legislative documents, and examines the landmark changes made by BNSS (Bhartiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita) and BSA (Bhartiya Sakshya Adhiniyam) in 2023. In India, the forensic ecosystem is still evolving, facing challenges like insufficient infrastructure, a lack of qualified personnel, and large backlogs of cases. The research brings forward the global best practices from the USA, UK, Germany, and Japan, points out the use of platforms like machine learning, standardized practices, and emergence in the centralized national database. At last, the paper suggests actionable steps to improve India's forensic framework with an emphasis on creating educational and ethical privacy-centric boundaries regarding genetic information, quality control, and instruction. Improvements in forensic capabilities not only aid in the prompt and precise delivery of justice, but also in rejuvenating and solidifying the public's reliability in the legal system