Dr. Rashmi K.S, Abdul Latef Mustafa, Rafia Nousheen
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly transforming migration and refugee governance by enabling governments and international organizations to process large volumes of information, verify identities, assess risks, and support decision-making. AI-driven technologies, including biometric identification, facial recognition, automated border surveillance, predictive analytics, and automated application processing, are becoming important tools in migration control. While these technologies can improve administrative efficiency and strengthen border management, their use also raises significant legal, ethical, and human rights concerns. The article investigates the significance of artificial intelligence (AI) in migration and helping to control refugees. The focus is on the consequences for refugee protection, procedural fairness, protection of privacy, freedom from discrimination, and access to asylum. Within the article, the use of AI-based systems for the identification and classification of migrants, detection of security threats, movement monitoring, and support for admission, detention, deportation, and asylum applications are discussed. According to this article, AI contributes to the increasing efficiency and effectiveness of migration governance; however, relying too much on AI can lead to algorithmic biases, wrong assessments of risk, opacity of operations, wrong treatment of data, and unfair results for those immigrants and refugees in need. The methodology of the article is qualitative and doctrinal, based primarily on international refugee law and human rights law, national legislation, court rulings, policy documents, and scholarly literature. It examines states and international organizations’ responsibilities to ensure compliance of AI with human dignity, non-refoulement principle, privacy and equality. The article concludes that AI has to be used as a tool assisting human decision-makers rather than taking their place.
The increasing availability of digital health information has changed how university students seek, evaluate and share information related to health. This study examined health-information-seeking behaviour, trust in different health-information sources and health-preparedness awareness among 200 university students aged 18 years and above in Bengaluru, Karnataka. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, health-information-seeking behaviour, source trust and preparedness awareness. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling, with voluntary participation and informed consent. Data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, Cronbach's alpha and Spearman's rank-order correlation. Internet search engines (82.0%) and social media (75.5%) were the most frequently used sources of health information, whereas healthcare professionals (4.28 ± 0.78) and scientific/medical journals (4.17 ± 0.83) received the highest trust scores. The mean total preparedness-awareness score was 30.74 ± 5.21 on a possible range of 8–40. The three study domains demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, with Cronbach's alpha values ranging from .81 to .86. Information-seeking behaviour was positively associated with preparedness awareness (ρ = .42, p < .001), while source trust (ρ = .35, p < .001) and information-verification behaviour (ρ = .48, p < .001) also showed significant positive associations with preparedness awareness. The findings indicate that although university students frequently rely on digital sources for health information, they place greater trust in professional and scientific sources. Strengthening students' abilities to evaluate, verify and appropriately use health information may therefore contribute to improved behavioural public-health preparedness.
Inheritance laws play a crucial role in determining the distribution of property and the economic security of individuals within a family. In India, the evolution of inheritance laws has been significantly influenced by religious traditions, customary practices, and patriarchal social structures. Historically, Hindu succession laws were deeply rooted in ancient religious texts such as the "Manusmriti, Yajnavalkya Smriti, and Narada Smriti", which mainly favoured a male-centric system of property inheritance. Women were generally excluded from ownership of ancestral property and were often treated as dependents within the family structure.
The enactment of the "Hindu Succession Act, 1956" made significant development of Hindu inheritance law, granting women ownership rights over property and introducing a more uniform system of inheritance. However, the original framework of the Act continued to reflect certain gender disparities, particularly with respect to coparcenary rights and the devolution of property inherited by Hindu females. Subsequent legal reforms, particularly the "Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005", aimed to address these inequalities by granting daughters equal coparcenary rights in joint family property. Despite these reforms, complexities remain regarding the devolution of property inherited by Hindu females from various sources, such as their father, mother, husband, or father-in-law.
This research paper adopts a doctrinal approach to examine the legal principles governing the succession of property inherited by Hindu females. It analyzes the statutory provisions, historical evolution, and judicial interpretations of succession laws while evaluating their impact on gender justice and women’s property rights in India. The study seeks to determine whether the current legal framework effectively promotes equality or whether certain provisions continue to perpetuate patriarchal norms within inheritance law.
India holds the third largest rare earth reserves in the world. Rare earth elements power electric vehicles, wind turbines, defence avionics, MRI scanners, semiconductors, and 5G infrastructure, making them the material foundation of the modern industrial economy. For India, developing domestic processing capacity is not simply an economic choice. It is a condition of technological self-reliance. A country that mines rare earths but ships them abroad for refining remains a raw material exporter regardless of the size of its reserve base. India has historically done exactly that: IREL (India) Limited has mined monazite sands since 1950, yet the country produces only about 2,900 tonnes of rare earth oxides annually against China’s 270,000 tonnes and over 90 per cent of global refining capacity. The strategic cost of that gap is no longer theoretical. China’s April 2025 export licensing requirements for rare earth magnets demonstrated how quickly supply chains for defence and clean energy technologies can be disrupted when processing capacity is concentrated in a single jurisdiction. Building domestic separation, refining, and magnet manufacturing capacity is therefore a question of national security as much as industrial policy.
India’s rare earth governance reflects successive legislative shifts. The Atomic Energy Act 1962 confined extraction to state entities for over six decades. The MMDR Act 1957 was amended in 2015 to introduce competitive auctions and again in 2023 to give the Central Government authority to auction 24 critical minerals. The Cabinet notified a 1 per cent royalty rate for rare earth elements on 12 October 2023. The MMDR Amendment 2025, Finance Bill 2026 corridor scheme, and the National Critical Mineral Mission are the latest phase of this effort.
The MMDR 2025 reduced royalty rates from 12% to 1% under Entry 50, List II, to attract mining investment. The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs simultaneously charges 18% GST on those royalties through the Reverse Charge Mechanism, while output GST on mineral sales sits at 5%. The 13% working capital gap absorbs most of what the royalty cut was supposed to free up. This structural contradiction raises questions under Articles 39(b) and (c) of the Constitution: the burden falls disproportionately on smaller operators, and concentration of the field in large integrated companies follows as a direct consequence.
The constitutional analysis engages with Property Owners Association v State of Maharashtra (2024), which refined Article 39(b)’s scope, and Mineral Area Development Authority v Steel Authority of India (2024), which confirmed royalty is contractual consideration rather than a tax, opening retrospective state cesses from April 2005. The article draws on the EU Critical Raw Materials Act (2024), Australia’s Critical Minerals Strategy 2023–2030, and China Rare Earths (2014) to argue India’s fiscal incoherence is a self-inflicted disadvantage where other jurisdictions have aligned their tax and industrial policy. This article argues the regulatory framework is working against the very goals these reforms were designed to serve.
In the economy of Himachal Pradesh, tourism plays a significant role of major contributor. The geography of Himachal Pradesh having distinct ecological diversity, mountainous landscapes, religious destinations, and cultural heritage are the major attractions for not only domestic tourists but at international level also. However, this growing tourism is good for finacial health of the State but it has raised major concern for ecological balances and environment degradation. And in the present study efforts have been made to analyse the the relationship between tourism, environmental sustainability, and governance mechanisms in Himachal Pradesh through a socio-legal and empirical approach. For which both primary and secondary data was used. Primary data was collected through questionnaires administered to 120 respondents including local residents, tourists, students, and business operators from Shimla, Manali, Dharamshala, and Kullu. And the results of this study shows that while tourism significantly contributes to employment and economic growth, unregulated tourism practices have intensified environmental degradation and infrastructural pressure. And the study comes to the conclusion that there is need to adopt sustainable practices and government should promote sustainable tourism by spreading more awareness.
Public-health preparedness depends not only on the capacity of health systems but also on how individuals understand, evaluate and respond to health threats and public-health recommendations. This conceptual review examines the role of behavioural science in strengthening public-health preparedness in India, with particular attention to six interconnected dimensions: health information, health literacy, risk perception, trust, social influence and self-efficacy. Drawing on established behavioural perspectives, including the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Cognitive Theory and health-literacy frameworks, the paper examines how these determinants may influence preventive health behaviour and behavioural preparedness. The review proposes an integrated conceptual pathway in which the health-information environment influences health literacy, which in turn interacts with risk perception and trust, social influence and self-efficacy to shape preventive behaviour and ultimately individual and community preparedness. The Indian context is considered in relation to population diversity, socioeconomic conditions, language, culture, healthcare access, digital connectivity and institutional trust. The review further identifies research gaps concerning information evaluation, digital health environments, risk perception, trust, social influence, measurement and longitudinal evidence, and proposes a progressive research programme moving from descriptive and relational research to measurement development, comparative, longitudinal and intervention studies. The paper argues that behavioural preparedness should complement conventional epidemiological and health-system indicators and that public-health communication should move beyond information delivery towards approaches that strengthen understanding, credibility, appropriate risk perception, social support and behavioural capability. The proposed framework is conceptual and requires empirical validation before its relationships can be considered established or causal.
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