Space Debris: A Growing Challenge To Sustainable Space Activities

Abstract

Space debris has emerged as one of the most significant challenges to the long-term sustainability of outer space activities. The rapid expansion of satellite launches, commercial space ventures, anti-satellite (ASAT) weapon tests, and abandoned spacecraft has led to an alarming increase in artificial objects orbiting the Earth. These objects pose serious risks to operational satellites, crewed missions, and critical infrastructure that supports communication, navigation, weather forecasting, scientific research, and national security. Although international space law recognises the responsibility of States for activities conducted in outer space, the existing legal framework does not specifically impose binding obligations regarding the prevention, mitigation, or removal of space debris. Most international guidelines, including those adopted by the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS), remain voluntary and lack effective enforcement mechanisms. This research examines the concept of space debris and analyses the adequacy of the existing international legal regime governing its management. Using a doctrinal research methodology, the study analyses primary legal instruments, including the Outer Space Treaty (1967), the Liability Convention (1972), the Registration Convention (1975), and relevant international guidelines, alongside scholarly literature and reports issued by international organisations such as the United Nations, NASA, and the European Space Agency. The study identifies significant legal and regulatory gaps concerning liability, enforcement, active debris removal, and space traffic management. It concludes that the existing legal framework has not kept pace with the rapid commercialisation and militarisation of outer space. The paper recommends the development of a binding international treaty on space debris, stronger international cooperation, mandatory debris mitigation standards, enhanced liability mechanisms, and effective space traffic management systems to ensure the sustainable and peaceful use of outer space for present and future generations.