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Corporate lawLatestVol. 3 · Issue 2

INSOLVANCY AND BANKRUPTCY LAW

Adnan A. Baldiwala · May 2026

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC) represents a transformative reform in India's insolvency framework, consolidating previously fragmented laws into a comprehensive and timebound mechanism for insolvency resolution and liquidation. Enacted with the objective of maximizing the value of assets, promoting entrepreneurship, ensuring the availability of credit, and balancing the interests of all stakeholders, the Code has significantly altered the landscape of corporate insolvency in India. Prior to the IBC, insolvency proceedings were characterized by procedural delays, multiple adjudicatory forums, and low recovery rates, which adversely affected economic growth and investor confidence.This study examines the conceptual foundations, institutional framework, and operational mechanisms of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016. It explores the roles of key stakeholders, including financial creditors, operational creditors, insolvency professionals, adjudicating authorities, and the Committee of Creditors, while analyzing the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) as the central pillar of the insolvency regime. The research further evaluates significant judicial pronouncements that have shaped the interpretation and implementation of the Code, particularly concerning the principles of value maximization, creditor autonomy, and corporate revival.Additionally, the study highlights emerging challenges within the insolvency ecosystem, including delays in resolution, treatment of operational creditors, cross-border insolvency issues, and the effectiveness of the liquidation framework. Through a doctrinal analysis of statutory provisions, case law, and regulatory developments, the paper assesses the extent to which the IBC has achieved its intended objectives and identifies areas requiring further reform.The study concludes that while the IBC has substantially improved India's insolvency resolution framework and strengthened credit discipline, continuous legislative refinement and institutional strengthening remain essential to ensure efficiency, predictability, and long-term economic stability. The Code thus stands as one of the most significant legal and economic reforms in contemporary India, with far-reaching implications for corporate governance, financial markets, and commercial jurisprudence. Keywords: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process, Creditors, Corporate Debtor, Liquidation, Resolution Plan, NCLT, Insolvency Law, Commercial Jurisprudence, Corporate Governance.

Insolvency and Bankruptcy CodeCorporate Insolvency Resolution ProcessCreditorsCorporate DebtorLiquidationResolution Plan+4

DOI

https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20456669
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PolicyLatestVol. 2 · Issue 3

An Analysis of The Wild Life Protection Amendment Bill, 2021

Shivangi Pandey · May 2026

Environmental laws need not only be in consonance with environmental science but ensure democratic soundness as well as in line with international treaties that the formulating parliament of the country is signatory to. The paper is an evaluation of the recent Wild Life Protection Amendment Bill 2021, against these markers, and whether it will be able to support biodiversity in a world currently afflicted by the Covid 19 pandemic and prone to other zoonotic diseases arising out of harm to biodiversity. The major issues it shall take up is human wildlife conflicts, the controversial definition of ‘vermin’, the conflict between forest dwelling communities, biodiversity conservation and land acquisition ventures, whether Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is being properly implemented, among others. It ends with recommendations on how to make the amendment bill more democratic and aligned with the aims of the act.

Wild Life Protection Amendment Bill 2021wildlife conservationenvironmental regulationbiodiversitypolicy reform

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7068594
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PolicyLatestVol. 2 · Issue 2

The Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Bill, 2020- A Critical Analysis

Ananya Singh · May 2026

The Assisted Reproductive Technologies (Regulation) Bill, 2020 is a new legislation that aims to regulate the surrogacy industry for which India has become a preferred destination by foreign citizens looking for “wombs for rent”. This study intends to investigate the role of a surrogate in the Bill's overall scheme, which focuses on the assisted reproductive technology business as a whole, of which surrogates are a component. The author finds in this study that the Bill ignores most of the problems relevant to a surrogate's interests, making her a minor actor in a billion-dollar industry to which she contributes significantly. In explaining this position, the author has analysed other aspects of the Bill also in detail while concluding generally that the Bill mainly thrusts the power of regulating commercial surrogacy in private players of the ART industry instead of giving her an independent berth. In fact, the Bill has been framed according to the processes in which the industry runs at present and to which the surrogates thrust themselves for money keeping their bargaining power questionable. Other ancillary shortcomings of the Bill, necessary to understanding the role of a surrogate has also been dealt with in the paper by the author.

assisted reproductive technologysurrogacyART Regulation Bill 2020reproductive rightshealthcare regulation

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6109265
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Social JusticeLatestVol. 2 · Issue 2

Indigenous Women and the Law

Snehanshu Bhushan, Samiksha · May 2026

Indigenous populations are communities that live within, or are attached to, geographically distinct traditional habitats or ancestral territories, and who identify themselves as being part of a distinct cultural group, descended from groups present in the area before modern states were created and current borders defined. They generally maintain cultural and social identities, and social, economic, cultural and political institutions, separate from the mainstream or dominant society or culture.

indigenous womentribal rightsgender justicecustomary lawlegal protection

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6391227
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PolicyLatestVol. 2 · Issue 1

The Roadmap for Inclusion Of Petroleum Under GST

Agrima Shankar, Eesha Kalve · May 2026

The research article shall aim to explore the inclusion of petroleum under the GST regime, an issue which had also been discussed recently in the 45th GST Council's Meeting at Lucknow. The article shall explore the legal and practical considerations of this widely demanded move and the opposition. It shall also brush up on the revenue side considerations for Central and State Governments. However, the primary focus shall remain on the legal aspects. Further, the paper shall also explore other regimes that have successfully brought petroleum under the ambit of a GST, like the regime and the models adopted and implemented.

GSTpetroleum taxationfiscal federalismGST Counciltax policy

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5749359
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Human RightsLatestVol. 1 · Issue 3

RIGHTS OF UNBORN CHILD

KRATIKA JAIN · May 2026

Property Law in India has undergone tremendous change in the past few decades. From denying basic property rights to certain sections of the society such as women, to recognizing intellectual property rights, it has come a long way. One such domain is the transfer of property for unborn persons. The word unborn person has not been defined either in the transfer of property Act or under the Hindu succession Act. However, as per the Literal meaning, the word Unborn Person means “the person who has no existence at the time of the transfer of the property but may have its existence someday in future. The term unborn person also includes the Unborn Child. Such an interesting aspect of property law as it postulates transfer for the benefit of such a person who is not yet in existence. This subject has many grey areas, which need to be explored. The present research study is mainly doctrinal and analytical. Keeping this in view, the Researcher shall utilize the conventional method of using libraries consisting of primary Sources and secondary sources like Case-laws, legislations and books, journals etc. Respectively. Doctrinal methods for the purpose of research because have been adopted as It is not possible to study the subject by experimental method. From the collected material and information, the researcher proposes to conduct an in-Depth analysis of the topic of study. The researcher through this paper has made an attempt to explain the provisions of S. 13 along with the leading cases on the subject. The paper also outlines the relationship between S. 13 & other related provisions of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.

unborn child rightsproperty lawlegal personhoodchild rightsinheritance

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711082
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Criminal LawLatestVol. 2 · Issue 1

Medical Examination and Its Evidentiary Value in Trials

Sandra Lisa Philip · May 2026

During the course of a criminal trial, medical evidence plays a critical role as corroborative evidence, which is frequently used by the prosecution to prove the defendant’s guilt. These evidences are employed in circumstances where there is bodily harm, and because they are corroborative in nature, they complement or detract from the witness(es) testimony, as the case may be. Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act provides for medical experts to opine on a case with the expertise they have on the field and the knowledge they have acquired through medical examination with respect to the case. The basic purpose of criminal defense is to raise equitable suspicion. In any case with medical evidences, the criminal defense attorney must figure out how to use it to raise equitable suspicion. Unlike law, where practically everything can be debated or interpreted, science is more black-and-white, in the sense that a lab test, for example, is difficult to call erroneous. The Indian laws however, do not validate their significance as much as they do the testimonies, unless there is a clear discrepancy between the two, in which case, the opinion of the medical expert will be taken into consideration. As a result, medical evidence is recognized in Indian law, even if it is corroborative. The medical outlook, however, does not confirm or refute the prosecution case; rather, it serves as a guideline. The author’s goal in this study article is to address medical evidence in comparison with various other kinds of evidence, and their admissibility and evidentiary value in trials.

medical examinationevidentiary valuecriminal trialsexpert evidencecorroboration

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5752568
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Technology & LawLatestVol. 1 · Issue 3

Tenebrosity of the Divide – Assessing the impacts of Digital Divide with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic

Vani Dhaka · May 2026

Existing literatures have focussed on the meaning of digital divide and its effect under normal circumstances. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic however, it has become very important to reflect on the consequences that this divide has had on people all across the world during the pandemic. Until now, digital divide meant a gap in awareness but the Corona pandemic has overturned its meaning and has made it more severe than it ever was. It is now leading to people losing their jobs, students not being able to study and people having to give up on their careers all because of absence of digital access.1 This might in the future, give rise to and promote elitist tendencies. The impact of digital divide is far too serious in the virus- infected world and cannot be overlooked2. Before moving forward, it is very important to firstly understand the meaning of Digital Divide, its types and why despite of an overall increase in gizmos, does the divide still persist.

digital divideCOVID-19access to technologyonline educationinequality

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5711113
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Criminal LawLatestVol. 2 · Issue 1

Case Comment - G. Achyut Kumar V. State of Odisha (2020)

Raashi Agarwal · May 2026

This case comment tries to evaluate the recent judgement passed by the Orrisa High court which speaks about how false promise of marriage does or does not amount to rape under section 375 of The Indian Penal Code, 1860. This case comment tries to support the judgement given by Honourable Justice S.K. Panigrahi and tries to substantiate every reason of the same in detail. It showcases and substantiates the reasons of why section 90 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 should not be applied to section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. The comment also describes the opposing views and vindicates about the it

rape lawfalse promise of marriageSection 375 IPCconsentcase comment

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5751869
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Criminal LawLatestVol. 2 · Issue 2

Challenges to Female Criminality

Pratyay Amrit · May 2026

The current study focuses on the global scourge of rising female criminality, which has recently become a focus of criminal policy, law, and justice in the modern world. Women's crime accounts for a small percentage of total crime, but it is growing at a considerably quicker rate than men's in most countries. Female criminality has taken on new shapes and dimensions as a result of the rapidly expanding chances for women to participate equally in all aspects of society. Because the sorts of female crime that are prominent in each country varies, a more in-depth examination of the socio-cultural milieu of female criminals is required in light of changing socio-economic conditions and their concomitants, such as modernization, industrialization, and urbanization. A criminal woman's life is like a trajectory on which her temperament, wants, drives, circumstances, provocations, temptations, maladjustments, poverty, and tremendous stress may all seem as planets in a galaxy. Because her life is already a punishment, it is pointless to further damage her. The pressing need of the hour is for her to be reformed by bettering her life. In light of the fact that female crime is as common as male crime and that female criminals do not form an isolated group from the general population, the sentencing system for male offenders has been significantly modified in our society with the help of new reformative practices and alternatives to imprisonment. The same should be applied to female offenders as well.

female criminalitygender and crimecriminologywomen offenderscriminal justice

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6079590
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Constitutional LawLatestVol. 3 · Issue 1

Comparative Analysis Of The Japanese And Indian Constitution

Hamza Kazmi · May 2026

This research paper provides an in-depth comparative analysis of the legal systems of Japan and India, exploring both their similarities and differences. Despite their distinct cultural, historical, and social contexts, both countries have developed robust legal frameworks that reflect their commitment to justice, equality, and the rule of law. The paper begins with an overview of the historical evolution of each legal system. Japan’s legal framework, rooted in civil law traditions influenced by European models, underwent significant transformations during the Meiji Restoration, establishing a system characterized by codified statutes and a centralized judiciary. Conversely, India’s legal system, a product of British colonial rule, combines common law principles with customary laws, reflecting its diverse and pluralistic society. This juxtaposition highlights how historical contexts shape contemporary legal practices. The paper also examines the role of constitutional law in both countries. Japan's post-World War II Constitution, which enshrines principles of pacifism and human rights, has fostered a distinctive legal culture that prioritizes individual rights. In India, the Constitution serves as a foundational document that reflects its commitment to democracy, secularism, and social justice, providing a framework for the protection of a wide array of rights while accommodating cultural diversity. Through this analysis, we aim to highlight the intricate interplay between legal traditions and modern governance in both nations.

Japanese ConstitutionIndian Constitutioncomparative constitutional lawrightsconstitutional design

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15560822
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Human RightsLatestVol. 2 · Issue 1

Domestic Violence Against Men in India - A Serious Issue

Preeti Nayak · May 2026

In our society, when a man hits a woman, it is considered to be illegal, but when a woman commits violence against a man, it is often taken as a laughing matter. It is hardly believed by the society, that men can also be put through violence by women. For them, the male is always a delinquent and the female is always a sufferer. Just because the person is a man, does not mean he should not be victimised. Violence is not a gender issue. No person of a particular gender should have the right to inflict violence on another person. Due to the patriarchal mindset of the society, it is hardly accepted that men can also be the victims of domestic violence. We need to accept the fact that women can also abuse men. Abuse is not only physical but also psychological, verbal, emotional or sexual in nature. Domestic violence is a serious issue and it is not just faced by women. In India, there is no law that protects men from domestic violence. This research paper aims to explore the seriousness of domestic violence against men.

domestic violencemale victimsgender neutralitylegal protectionsocial stigma

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5770690
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